Baseball and Antitrust Laws Essay Example for Free

Baseball and Antitrust Laws EssayAny commerce with operations spanning state boundaries, frankincense undertaking interstate trade, is governed by antitrust legal philosophys. Efforts at monopolizing and lookling trade could be regarded unlawful by national circuit courts as per the Clayton and Sherman Acts. Baseball has perpetually been immune from such antitrust regulations from 1922, upon the Supreme Courts verdict made baseball game winner in Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. theme Baseball Clubs.It was determined that although planning of sports was done across State boundaries, such games constituted intrastate occasions since movement from state to state was not inbred (Falk, 1994). The antirust immunity finishs MLB from beingness sub judicely challenged because of national antirust braches. Un little such immunity is removed by coitus, baseball proprietors make whatever decisions they worry because no antirust-related legal proceedings can be institu ted against them. Whenever the proprietors attempt to modify baseball, the MLBPA quickly comes in to claim that they were not consulted (Bendix, 2008). notwithstanding the fact that proprietors may do whatever they wish disregarding antitrust regulations, nothing which breaches the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) can be done. such(prenominal) agreement requires that almost each dispute be mediated, standardised it is done with numerous labor deals. If the antirust immunity of baseball was cancelled, would this mean the changing of baseball? This is un plausibly since the same regulations that govern NHL, NFL, and NBA would continue to govern baseball. The USA at the moment has antitrust regulations meant to bar businesses from controlling specific markets.Nevertheless, US baseball market has been monopolized by key group discussion baseball for ages, thus pr change surfaceting upcoming players from real gaining footage. The US Supreme Court has defended Major League Baseball s (MLB) liberty to monopolize in a number of instances. MLB remains the sole US monopoly in numerous ways, and has remained so from its beginning. Upon the 1903 merger of the National League (NL) with the American League (AL), such partnership immediately proved successful. Such success was for sure bound to invite imitation. Therefore a different baseball league almost immediately demonstrated willingness to challenge the NL/AL monopoly.The Federal League began as an insignificant league however, it espoused key intentions (Anderson, 2002). By 1914, numerous individuals regarded such Federal League to be a main league the league itself desired to formally confirm this. The Federal League (FL) took legal action against Major League Baseball on 5th January 1915 for disrupting their efforts at hiring players who were between agreements that is, not governed by the reliever Clause, from the American National League, citing national antitrust law. The reference was heard by Kennesaw Mountain Landhis, reputed for his firm observance of the law.However, Ladhis was as well a big buff of Chicago Cubs. He knew that the Federal Leagues case was a justifiable one, however, his favorite group, the Cubs, would suffer if FL won the case, and thus Ladhis kept such case under advisement as opposed to immediately issuing a verdict. The FLs 19156 collapse made everyone happy. The Baltimore Federal League license proprietors tried to subvert out a team of the Major League (ML) only to be rejected. They subsequently attempted to barter for a franchise of the International league they were one time more rejected.The proprietor of White Sox, Chalets Chomsky, offended Baltimore city by saying that the metropolis constituted a bad and insignificant league. Charles Ebbets, the proprietor of Dodgers, added to the insult by stating that the metropolis was among the worst insignificant league metropolis because of having excess colored people. The perspective proprietors then too k legal action against ML baseball, alleging a scheme to bust down the FL. In April 1919, a law court decl ared the Baltimore proprietors the winners of the suit, thus awarding them damages worth $240,000.An appeal was instituted in 1920, with the appeal ruling being made in 1921 (Barra, 2003). The 1921 ruling nullified the decision of the junior court and declared that baseball did not constitute the type of trade national law ought to standardize. The US Supreme Court endorsed such a ruling on May 22nd 1922, thus strengthening baseballs antitrust immunity. In the Federal Baseball Club v. National League, the Supreme Court gave the verdict that ML baseball remained immune from the Sherman Antitrust Act provisions.Following the 1915 folding of the FL, absolute major(ip)ity of the FL proprietors were purchased by proprietors within the other MLs, or had received compensation in other modes. For instance, St. Louis FL proprietor was authorized to purchase the St Louis Browns. Baltim ore Federal League club owner did not get this authorization and hence he took legal action against the American league, National League, as well as additional defendants, such as a number of FL officials. The suit alleged a plot to dominate baseball through demolishing the FL (Rovell, 2001).The listed defendants were declared jointly answerable, with $80,000 worth of damages assessed. The kind was tripled to total $240,000 as per the Clayton Antitrust Act provisions. Such immunity, as well as the monopoly of MLB, was unchallenged up to 1972. Curt Flood took legal action against baseball following his sale to Philadelphia Phillies from the Saint Louis Cardinals following 1969s season. Such a case ultimately reached the Supreme Court, where the initial decision was endorsed with Congress left to refine the inconsistency.Despite the fact that Flood did not win the case, he set the precedence for wage negotiation, and immediately afterwards, free action. At the moment free action su rvives, however such antitrust immunity is as well law. Baseball was not to be awarded antitrust immunity if the Baltimore League squad owners had been reimbursed after the league was disbanded. All other squads proprietors were compensated with the exception of Baltimore, thus prompting their filing of the initial antitrust lawsuit. Such immunity is suspect, and several observers are convinced that it may once more be upheld in a law court.Nevertheless, from the Flood case of 1972, no any one case has been even close to being heard at the Supreme Court (Barra, 2006). In addition MLBs domination has not been challenged by any league since the mid-fifties unsuccessful Continental League. The National Federal League has been engrossed in majority of the major antitrust court cases, such as, its lawsuits against the US Football League. Such cases have demonstrated that antitrust lawsuits are not essentially fatal. Despite that fact that the NFL lost the two cases, numerous lawsuits hav e been previously won by sports leagues.In antitrust lawsuits, such leagues have to demonstrate that they did not breach antitrust regulations through demonstrating that their activities generally, served to promote contest more as opposed to inhibiting it. Despite the fact that Al Davis legally defeated the NFL, the NFL could as well have emerged victorious if it possessed an unambiguous guidelines and adhered to them rather than acting because they particularly disliked Al Davis (Bartree, 2005). In addition, despite the fact that USFL legally beat NFL, a mere $3 worth of damages was awarded.If the US Congress completely revokes the antirust immunity of baseball, nearly interesting enduring consequences could result. Firstly, the key leagues are to be affected. Insignificant-league baseball t the moment relies on the ongoing presence of the Reserve Clause , which permits major-league teams to legally control players even following the expiry of the players contracts. Such Reserve Clause permits the existence of deep insignificant-league structures within baseball by permitting such teams to control numerous players not in their key-league rosters.NBA and NFL do not have any minor-league structures. Hockey has insignificant-league squads however, such are mediated into the joint bargaining of hockey with the players. The Reserve Clause is likely to be legally challenged if the antitrust immunity of baseball is lost. In case such clause is determined to breach antitrust regulations, baseball squads could be coerce surrender the legal claims to a number of or even every of their insignificant-league players.With no interest to develop the team members whom they formerly controlled, big-league squads would be less propel to offer support to their insignificant-league partners through subsidizing their activities (Blum, 2001). This has thus made insignificant leagues lobby Congress to uphold the antitrust immunity of baseball. Without such immunity insignifican t leagues would be forced to modify their activities, to become more similar to free insignificant early 1900s leagues rather than be under MLB.Proprietors would have no power regarding discussing with team members due to lack of legal standing to possess a Reserve Clause. When squads have no rights over team members, there will be less willingness to recruit high school players and accord them 4 or 5 development years, particularly if they are forced to dwell much on major league rosters. This could imply a major impetus fro baseball in colleges, and perhaps also for global baseball leagues (Rovell, 2001). Such would form the major MLBs propagation ground as has been for basketball and football.If the antitrust immunity is revoked, franchise transfer, and particularly contraction, would from the greatest challenge. Close to thirty years have elapsed since a single baseball squad relocated from one metropolis to the other. Since that time, the other 3 games have progressed since the antitrust immunity grants baseball proprietors extra authority to bar squads from relocating than the proprietors have within other games. Such authority was especially apparent in 1992 at the time when the Tampa/St. Petersburg Vince Piazzas group wanted to purchase the Giants from Bob Lurie at $115 million.The proprietors declined to allow such sale, and then compelled Lurie to accept $100 million from Peter Mogowan for the squad. Piazza instituted legal proceedings against MLB, actually gentle the initial round of the case. The court stated that the antitrust immunity did not cover relocations (Belth, 2001). However, the Curt Flood Act currently holds that immunity does touch on relocations. Absence of antitrust immunity makes it hard to bar teams from relocating by the MLB. Attempts to block relocations would surely be met with lawsuits instituted by the cities or teams that were attempting to relocate.Baseball would be tasked with the responsibility to demonstrating that pros cribe such relocation would benefit contest, plus that the resolution was founded on unambiguous guidelines. If Congress repealed the immunity, the contraction war would most likely not be ground on Twins release and labor deals. Contraction challengers would posit that the proprietors were attempting to get rid of 2 competitors so as to raise profits this is a typical antitrust breach (Falk, 1994). The proprietors would be forced to defend such relocation arguing that they were enhancing competition within the game.It is difficult to determine whether America or baseball would benefit if the antitrust immunity of baseball is revoked. Attorneys would surely benefit owing to increased lawsuits. The proprietors would benefit since the MLB has previously won against attempts to revoke the immunity and Congress always takes it time. References Anderson, P. (2002). Recent major league baseball contraction cases. Retrieved august quaternary 2009, from http//law. marquette. edu/cgi-bin/si te. pl? 2130pageID=474 Barra, A. (2003). Policy debate Should the antitrust exemption be eliminated?Retrieved august 4th 2009, from http//swcollege. com/bef/policy_debates/baseball. html Barra, A. (2006). Policy debate Should the antitrust exemption be eliminated? Retrieved august 4th 2009, from http//www. swlearning. com/economics/policy_debates/baseball. html Bartree, H. (2005). The role of antirust laws in the professional sports industry from a financial perspective. Retrieved august 4th 2009, from http//www. thesportjournal. org/article/role-antitrust-laws-professional-sports-industry-financial-perspective Belth, A. (November 26th 2001).Ending baseballs antitrust exemption. Retrieved august 4th 2009, from http//courses. cit. cornell. edu/econ352jpw/readme/Baseball%20Prospectus%20-%20Ending%20Baseball%27s%20Antitrust%20Exemption. htm Bendix, P. (December 3rd 2008). The history of baseballs antitrust exemption. Retrieved august 4th 2009, from http//www. beyondtheboxscore. com/200 8/12/3/678134/the-history-of-baseball-s Blum, R. (June 12th 2001). Why is the antitrust exemption important? Retrieved august 4th 2009, from http//www. usatoday. com/sports/baseball/stories/2001-12-05-antitrust-explanation. htm

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the Research Process EssayLiterature ReviewThe following paper will address the look for process using the name Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents. The explore process consists of nine parts that include selecting a problem, formulating a hypothesis, reviewing the literature, itemisation the measures, describing the subjects, constructing a design, constructing and identifying measurement devices, analysis of the data, and generating conclusions (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). The literature review shows that adolescent gestation is a multifaceted problem. Adolescent pregnancy has risk factors that must be interpreted into account. EthicsSome of these risk factors would be the ethical considerations. The Nuremberg Code which was established in 1947 tried to provide regulations. These regulations were to pr levelt any more atrocities in merciful research (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). One of the ethical considerations would be inform ed consent. Informed consent came about after the Nuremberg Code. Informed consent is about telling the subject about the details of the research, any risks or benefits that could come about (Neutens Rubinson, 2010) Ethical considerations must be taken into consideration when performing tests on human subjects. If anything is not expose in the informed consent, it would leave the researchers vulnerable to a lawsuit as well as invalidating the research instruction. In the article, Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents, informed consent was followed. Informed consent was obtained from the participant and if the participant was younger than 18 years old, consent was obtained from her guardian with assent of the minor (participant) (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The researchers erect the subjects during their first antepartum cargon appointment to the Women and Infants Hospital Womens Primary Care Center, Providence, RI between March 2002 and February 2 005 (Phipps Nunes,2012).Steps were taken to ensure that the participants would be considered adolescents even after their babies were born and that they would understand what was expected of them. The research study was conducted by using research assistants that interviewed the participants. They were questioned about their demographic characteristics, life plans, social supports, peer and family relationships, financial support, behavioral risks, and medical history (Phipps Nunes, 2012). In example, research surveys included validated questions where available and where not available content-relevant questions were assessed for face validity. The surveys underwent a process of review and revise that included both clinical experts and age-relevant volunteers (). In the survey, subjects were asked about pregnancy prep, so that the assistants could assess the subjects level of agreement with statements. The statements were coded to assess for risk factors. The statements ranged from trying to getting big(predicate) and best age to get pregnant as well as over alone feelings about pregnancy (Phipps Nunes, 2012).Statistical AnalysisAll of the information that was garner by the research assistants from the participants is used in the statistical analysis to determine the signifi understructurece level. The significance level of a statistical hypothesis test is a fixed probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis, if it is in fact true. The significance level is typically set at five percent (The Statistics Glossary, n.d.). So anything higher(prenominal) than five percent would be considered statistically insignificant. The researchers did observe significant associations between our pregnancy intention metrics and known risk factors for poor outcomes (Phipps Nunes, 2012). There were devil dimensions of pregnancy intention that the researchers assessed. The two significant dimensions were emotional readiness and cooking. Emotional readiness was m ore strongly associated with risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes.Pregnant teens determine as not emotionally ready were at increased risk for delayed prenatal care, inadequate prenatal care utilization, delayed use of prenatal vitamins, recent smoking, recent drinking, recent drug use and depression (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The findings in the research study article is statistically significant. The study showed that emotional readiness and readiness are critical for having ahealthy pregnancy. Before this study came out, researchers thought that being emotionally ready was not nearly as important to pregnancy as proper health care. However, if one is not emotionally ready it can affect getting proper health care.Research ConclusionsThe conclusion to this study determined that emotional readiness and planning are the main risk factors for adolescent pregnancy that has adverse outcome. This study tests the thought that emotional readiness and planning are the two around impor tant factors against family type as the most important risk factor. If the study was looking into preventing adolescent pregnancy, then family type is the most important risk factor. Emotional readiness and planning are important so that one will have a healthy pregnancy. The results to this study are appropriate. There is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were quantitative in nature. The data was collected in an ethical manner. This can be determined by the appropriate exclusion criteria. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify adolescents that are at risk for pregnancy. The results to this study are very appropriate and there is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective.The statistics provided in this study were clearly listed and defined. The data was ethically collected and appropriate exclusion criteria were indicated to avoid producing biased results. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic of adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify those at risk of adolescent pregnancy. The article, Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents, looks into risk factors for adolescents becoming pregnant and having a health pregnancy. The article uses the research process to come to the conclusions that family type, emotional readiness and planning are all important. Family type is statistically important because it states that an adolescent is more at risk for pregnancy if they come from a less than ideal home. Emotional readiness and planning is statistically important because they can affect pregnancy outcome. These conclusions are the same conclusions that the researchers came to in their article.ReferencesNeutens, J. J., R ubinson, L. (2010). Research techniques for the health sciences (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phipps, M. G., Nunes, A. P. (2012). Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(9), 1820-7. doihttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0928-0 The Statistics Glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.stats.gla.ac.uk/glossary/

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Post Surgery Care

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ( abdominal aortic aneurysm) Post Surgery CargonIntroduction care for care of the uncomplaining following major surgery is a complex task, involving holistic management of longanimous well macrocosm in the light of several challenges to health and homeostatic stability. This evidence go bys out to discuss the care of one such persevering, following surgery to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm. In order to address the issue and give the highest possible standards of individualised care, nurses need a considerable familiarity base, gleaned from training, from ongoing updating, from the available evidence, and from their experience as professionals in their field. This essay pass on also set out to explore how nursing fellowship is applied to practice, always keeping the patient as the focus of care, with reference to the underlying physiology which relates to the patients sort out.Nursing skills are also based on intimacy and experience, both the experience of the nurse themselves and the experience of those who have taught them, who work with them and who collaborate in the provision of care. art object this essay focuses on the nurses role in relation to the fact and the client, it is important to remember that nursing care does not take correct within a vacuum, and reference will be made to those with whom the nurse must interact and engage as part of this role.The care of a patient following operative abdominal aortic aneurysm repair follows the principles of general postoperative running(a) care, along with specific interventions, monitor and support that are a consequence of the condition and the nature of the surgery. The holistic management of this case must also take into account the psycho-social and emotional factors which may affect the case, given the sedate nature of the condition and the potential difference complications of the surgery.The CaseDavid Grainger is a 65 year old man, who is retired and w ho tries to keep himself fit by playing golf. He had a score of recurrent spite underneath his rib cage for some month, and had been treating himself for indigestion with limited success. His friends became worried about him and his condition when he appeared to be losing weight, and so in conclusion David plucked up the courage to visit his GP. He was referred to the local hospital for tests, which eventually led to a diagnosis of abominal aortic aneurysm. David was later admitted to the surgical harbor for surgery to repair the aneurysm.On return to the ward David had a blood transfusion running game and a wound drain (Redivac) from the abdomen close to the surgical incision site. He had an indwelling Foley catheter with an hourly urine bag, which was changed to free drainage after 12 hours of adequate urine output, and a PCA (patient controlled analgesia) device in situ. He has a mepore dressing to the abdominal wound site.David has two IVI sites, one in each hand. The blood transfusion was running via the left hand, and normal saline (0.9%) was running in the other, along with the PCA, on a three-way tap. The day following surgery Davids temperature is recorded at 39.6c with an elevated pulse of 90bpm. He repeatedly complains of feeling cold. Discussion with the senior sister and the SHO suggests that David is experiencing a potential fever.Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a fairly common condition (the 14th leading cause of death in the US (Birkmeyer and Upchurch, 2007). It is a life-threatening condition (Isselbacher et al, 2005). The greatest risk of an AAA is the risk of rupture, which has a profound mortality rate attached to it (Birkmeyer and Upchurch, 2007). It is defined as an abnormal localised arterial dilation or ballooning that is greater than one and half multiplication the arterys normal circumference, and must involve all three layers of the vessel wall (Irwin, 2007). Abdominal aortic aneurysms are those whi ch are located downstairs the diaphragmatic border, and account for 75% of aortic aneurysms (Irwin, 2007). Men are four to five ms more(prenominal) likely to develop the condition, and risk factors include smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia, cellular changes in the tunica media associated with diseases such as Marfan syndrome, inflammation, and blunt trauma (Irwin, 2007). There is also a family history factor, with increased risk amongst primary relatives of someone with AAA (Irwin, 2007). Another risk factor is atherosceloris, although someone without this condition jackpot develop an aneurysm (Irwin, 2007).Repair is either through undecided surgical repair, through a large midline incision (Irwin, 2007). The procedure is major surgery, and the aorta is cross-clamped to allow the insertion of a synthetic graft which is attached to proximally and distally to health aortic thread (Irwin, 2007). Another procedure is endovascular repair using a percutaneous vascular stent (Ir win, 2007 Beese-Bjustrom, 2004). In this procedure, a woven polyester tube covered by a stent is placed inside the aneurismal section of the abdominal aorta, which keeps normal blood flow away from the aneurysm, greatly reducing the risk of dissection and rupture (Bese-Bjustrom, 2004). In this case David underwent open surgery.AssessmentAssessment of the patients condition is the first stage in nursing care programmening and management, forming the basis of nursing decision qualification (Watson-Miller, 2005). A summary of appraisal activities carried out for David can buoy be found in Table 1.Table 1. Nursing Assessment of David on Day 1 Post-Op.ActionRationaleMonitor Blood Pressure, Pulse, Pulse Oximetry RespirationsVital observations debate changes in underlying condition. Low blood pressure with high pulse, for example, would be suggested of haemorrhage. by and by aneurysm repair, an elevated BP can stress the graft site and cause graft failure (Irwin, 2007). This also inc reases myocardial oxygen demand, and an im relaxation between oxygen supply and demand may lead to myocardial ischaemia and lead to MI (Irwin, 2007). Respiratory rate must be monitored post-anaesthetic, and observation of respirations allows the nurse to make believe for preventive measures to reduce the risk of atelectasis or DVT. Four hourly observations are usual from 24 hours postoperatively (Zeitz, 2005).Monitor TemperatureUsually carried out four hourly, to get hold potential sings of pyrexia, or reaction to blood transfusion (Jones and Pegram, 2006) or medications. Another complication could be malignant hyperthermia, although this is rare and unlikely to develop this late postoperatively (Neacsu, 2006).Intravenous Monitoring and Fluid balanceMonitor site for patency and condition monitor fluid intake and rate record fluid balance. IVI affectionateness checked at this time. Urinary output via catheter also recorded.PCA/PainPump check should usually be every hour if a cont rolled drug is utilize in the PCA, and recorded on the appropriate chart. Pain levels assessed (Manias, 2003).WoundDressing observed for signs of exudates wound observed for signs of healing/infection/dehiscence.Wound drain put observed for signs of infection drain bottle check for amount and type of exudates fluid balance recorded.Other monitoring specific to AAA repair.Fluid and electrolyte balance neurological status full blood count (elevated white count indicates infection) (Beese-Bjustrom, 2004)Assessment during the first 24 hours is usually aimed at establishing physiological equilibrium, managing pain, preventing complications and supporting the patient towards self-care (Watson-Miller, 2005). These are standard post-operative observations, but the care of the person having undergone abdominal aortic aneurysm repair may be somewhat more specific. Some of these areas will be dealt with in more detail below, considering the evidence base and the nature of nursing knowledge ap plied to the problem. The nursing knowledge applied in the assessment process derives from acquired knowledge (that gleaned during training, and study), and experiential knowledge, from previous experiences of applying theoretical knowledge to practice. If the nurse has previously cared for patients with this condition, she will apply that experience to this case. If not, the application of clinical, theoretical and other knowledge (such as colleagues experience) to the scenario, alongside thorough understanding of physiological principles, should result in effective and appropriate care. The evidence base must also be utilised. febrilityHaving identified a potential problem in relation to temperature regulation, it is important to plan for ongoing monitoring, identification of the cause of increased temperature, treatment of the cause and eternal rest of symptoms. The cause of the temperature is most likely to an infection. Nosocomial infection is a concern after surgery, especial ly when the patient has an incision involving any aspect of the vascular scheme (Irwin, 2007). In order to prevent wound infection, David will be prescribed IV antibiotics, which will thusly be changed to oral antibiotics at the appropriate time (Irwin, 2007). Symptomatic relief of the pyrexia can be achieved by fan therapy and the administration of paracetamol, which can be given PR if David remains nil by mouth. However, the nurse would ensure this was prescribed and not contraindicated due to any interactions with Davids other medications. Davids increased temperature may also be due to the tuition of ischaemic colitis (a complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair) and so white cell counts should be checked, as a raised count may be indicative of this (Beese-Bjustrom, 2004). The pyrexia may be in chemical reaction to the blood transfusion (Jones and Pegram, 2006), although we would expect this to have developed earlier in the treatment.At this point, Davids pyrexia indi cated a potential problem, and may not require paracetamol or fan therapy. Instead, prevention of the development of infection, and reassurance that his feeling of being cold may be due to raised temperature, may suffice.Blood Pressure Management and Fluid Balance.Keeping Davids blood pressure within the normal hunt is critical to maintain end pipe organ perfusion, and so both hypertension and hypotension must be prevented in this case (Irwin, 007). In order to prevent hypertension and the complications described above, David may be given IV beta blockers, and will be monitored for any cardiovascular changes such as chest discomfort, ST-T wave changes, or dysrhythmias (Irwin, 2007). Given his stability 24 hours post-operatively, he may be moved from ITU to a high dependency or standard surgical ward, where telemetry may then be stopped.Monitoring mean arterial pressure and maintaining a reading of at least 70 mmHg can ensure proper perfusion of major organs, and this can be support ed by careful infusion of intravenous fluids as described above (Irwin, 2007). In relation to fluid balance (and continuing organ functioning) a urine output of around 50ml/hour would indicate adequate glomerular filtration rate and renal perfusion (Irwin, 2007). Any deviations from these ideals would be recorded and reported quick to the appropriate members of the multi-disciplinary team (Irwin, 2007).Pain ManagementWhile Davids pain is being managed effectively with the Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) device, the use of a PCA is not a long-term means of pain management. Therefore, the planning stage of management of Davids care for the nurse looking after him should involved a collaborative plan for pain management. This may be in collaboration with the medical team, the anaesthetist, and David himself. A range of medications are available for David to use once he has reached a stage of being able to manage without the PCA, but it is also important that his pain be properly m anaged during the postoperative period, because good pain management will help David to retrieve properly and reduce the other postoperative risks, such as those of DVT, PE (Irwin, 2007) and pressure sore development.Another area to address is the prevention of atelectasis. Regardless of the type of surgical procedure, as many as 90% of patients who have a general anaesthetic develop some degree of atlectasis in the postoperative period ( Irwin, 2007 Pruitt, 2006). Pneumonia is some other risk (Irwin, 2007). As well as the risks from having an anaesthetic anyway, David is at increased risk because he is more likely to demonstrate postoperative hypoventilation, because pain from abdominal surgery can prevent him from deep breathing and coughing which helps prevent atelectasis (Pruitt, 2006). David can be taught to splint the surgical site with a pillow or roll of blanket, and then carry out these breathing exercises incentive spirometry, coughing and deep breathing to help keep h is lungs clear (Irwin, 2007). Adopting a good unsloped position also helps to increase lung capacity and encourage deeper breaths (Pruitt, 2006), and so good pain management is also important in supporting David to do this (Irwin, 2007). fair to middling pain control is also essential to graft patency, because uncontrolled pain causes the release or epinephrine, noreinephrine, and other hormones that active the fight or flight response (Bryant et al, 2002). The consequent vasoconstriction can decrease blood flow through the graft and can increase risk of thrombus formation (Bryant et al, 2002).Alongside a drug therapy plan for pain management, it might also be appropriate to consider nondrug pain management as well (Tracy et al, 2006). Opioids used to manage postoperative pain can cause respiratory depression (Irwin, 2007). Some of the other advantages of nondrug pain management techniques is that they are readily available, inexpensive, and not associated with side effect, but th e biggest advantage in this case is that they bear on self-care and enhance personal control for ones own health (Tracy et al, 2006). For Davids case, promoting self-care may have a subroutine of beneficial effects on him holistically, given that he has recently experienced the diagnosis and treatment of a life-threatening condition (Manias, 2003). There is some evidence to suggest that spare education and support in such therapies can benefit patient outcomes (Tracy et al, 2006), but this would require that the nurse is knowledgeable about the techniques, and that all members of the multidisciplinary team are equally invested and have been prompted to include nondrug pain management in the care plan (Tracy et al, 2006).Prevention of Problems Associated with Aneurysm Repair.There are a number of potential complications of surgical abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, which are in addition to the usual postoperative risks. These include graft rupture, haemorrhage, and graft occlusion (Irwin, 2007). This is another flat coat for close monitoring of Davids haemodynamic status, because a drop in blood pressure or urine output, associated with increased heart rate and perhaps a change in mental status may indicated shock consequent to blood loss (Irwin, 2007). It is also important to carefully and frequently assess the abdomen, for pain, distention or increasing girth (Irwin, 2007). Graft occlusion may manifest as coronary ischaemia, MI, cerebral ischaemia or stroke, ischaemic colitis or even spinal cord ischaemia resulting in paralysis (Irwin, 2007). Similarly, occlusion of an abdominal graft can also compromise renal blood flow, do acute tubular necrosis and renal failure, or compromise peripheral circulation, which might lead to limb loss (Irwin, 2007). Therefore it might be responsible to calculcate ankle/brachial index regularly to evaluate lower extremity perfusion (Irwin, 2007).Nursing IssuesIn an empirical study of nursing in patients undergoing procedu res for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, Kozon et al (1998) found that patients who undergo the traditional open procedure require more intensive nursing care of lengthier duration, to move them along the illness-wellness spectrum towards self-care and independence. Kozon et al (1998) demonstrate a tailor made model based on the nursing process, which allows nurses to predict the postoperative course for individual patients. They also consider the mental aspects of care, discussing the state of fear of patients, which is either externally visible to the nursing staff or is expressed by the patients themselves (Kozon et al, 1998). This is important in ensuring the holistic management of Davids care. However, Kozon et al (1998) also recommend further nursing research on this area to fully optimise nursing and enable the recognition of the nursing need of the individual patient. This says much about the nature of nursing knowledge and the evidence base on this topic, which remains v ery much focused on the visible and medical aspects of care. Kozon et al (1998) developed a protocol to apply to such cases, but in terms of evidence, larger scale studies are needed to support this. The high risks of both the procedure and the repair are highlighted in the literature (Bryant et al, 2002), and so a thorough understanding of these is vital in order to patronage nursing practice and ensure rapid and appropriate prioritisation of care needs, recognition of deviations from the norm and prompt, appropriate referral and treatment.Another issue which the evidence base throws up is the reinforcement and monitoring of pain management. In a descriptive, retrospective audit of nursing records, Idvall and Ehrenberg (2002) found that there are many shortcomings in content and comprehensiveness of nurses monitoring and recording of patients pain. This is of particular importance in relation to postoperative care of those patients having undergoing surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm, given that pain can indicate a number of complications of the procedure.ConclusionAs can be seen, the care of the patient having an AAA repair is a complex undertaking, requiring a thorough knowledge base on the part of the nurse, and the skills necessary to recognise complications, deviations from clinical parameters, and effects of treatments in order to promptly and appropriately treat and refer the patient (Warbinek and Wyness, 1994). In Davids case, he has presented with a potential complication of his surgery, but the complex nature of his condition could mean that his potential pyrexia is due to a number of causes. Understanding the underlying physiology of his condition is vital in ensuring all his care needs are met and that he is kept in the optimal state of health to promote rapid recovery. This involves an holistic approach, with attention paid to his pain management and psychological state as well as his considerable medical and tangible needs. The ev idence base for care is suggestive of the existence of some useful nursing evidence on which to base care, but also suggests the need for more concrete and comprehensive research to underpin practice. Nursing assessment and intervention can be crucial to the survival of patients with this condition (Myer, 1995). Thus nursing knowledge must draw upon their own and others knowledge and experience, and the knowledge and understanding of the patient, and their reported symptoms and feelings, in order to provide the highest standard of care and promote Davids optimal wellbeing and return to health.ReferencesBeese-Bjustrom, S. (2004) Aortic Aneurysms and dissections. Nursing 34 (2) 36-42.Birkmeyer, J.D. and Upchurch, G.R. (2007) Evidence Based Screening and management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Annals of privileged Medicine 146 (10) 749-751.Bryant, C., Ray, C. and Wren, T.L. (2002) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair a Look at the first 24 Hours. Journal of PeriAnaesthesia Nursing 17 (3) 164-169.Idvall, E. and Ehrenberg, A. (2002) Nursing support of postoperative pain management. Journal of Clinical Nursing.11 734-742.Irwin, G.H. (2007) How to protect a patient with aortic aneurysm. Nursing 37 (2) 36-43.Isselbacher, E.M. (2005) Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Circulation111 816-828.Jones, A. and Pegram, A. (2006) Management of pyrexia during blood transfusion. British Journal of Nursing. 15(5) 257.Kozon, V., Fortner, N. and Holzenbein, T. (1998) An empirical study of nursing in patients undergoing two different procedures for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Journal of Vascular Nursing. 16 (1) (1-5).Manias, E. (2003) Pain and anxiety management in the postoperative gastro-surgical setting. Journal of locomote Nursing 41 (6) 585-594.Myer, S.A. (1995) Case studies what a difference a nurse makes. Advanced Practice in Acute and Critical Care. 6(4) 576-87.Neacsu, A. (2006) Malignant hyperthermia. Nursing Standard 20 (28) 51-57.Pruitt, B. (2006) Help your pa tient combat postoperative atelectasis. Nursing 2006 36 (5) 31-34.Tracy, S., Dufault, M., Kogut, S. et al (2006) Translating Best Practices in Nondrug Postoperative Pain Management. Nursing Research 55 (2S) S57-S67).Warbinek, E. and Wyness, M.A. (1994) Caring for patients with complications after elective abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery a case study. Journal of Vascular Nursing. 12(3) 73-9.Watson-Miller, S. (2005) Assessing the postoperative patient Philosophy, knowledge and theory. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 11 46-51.Zeitz, K. (2005) Nursing observations during the first 24 hours after a surgical procedure what do we do? Journal of Clinical Nursing 14 334-343.

Theories of Realism for State Behaviour Explanations

Theories of Realism for State Behaviour ExplanationsHow well do the different types of world (classical, structural and neoclassical) explain bow behaviour?Word count 2,765Seminar Tutor Aijan SharshenovaRealism is a fundamental practise of global politics, a key theory in this argona of issue as it helps us to understand the contemporaneous world, as well as the chall(a)enges that we now face. Realism helps to emphasise this role of nation- kingdom with the belief that all put for wards are propel by their own self-inte detains, prioritising territorial integrity and securing political autonomy. The relations deep down domestic politics and remoteist relations are conversely discussed by different realists, from Thucydides (460-395BC) to E.H. Carr (1892-1982) immortalizeing substantial differences within naive realism itself.Firstly, classical realism derives from Niccol Machiavelli (1469-1527), Thucydides and Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) to name but a few. The study of po litics during this time was none on the foundations of human nature. Thucydides presented his belief through dialogue texts, presenting how human nature has made us crave indicator above all else. On the other softwood, structural realists, such as Kenneth Waltz (1924-2013) believed that power is a means to an end but the ultimate aim of an individual, as well as put in, is survival. Both types of realism theories open undergone much critic in the past few decades, with yet a comparatively new-fashioned ascertain surfacing. This is know as neoclassical realism, a combination of classical and structural (neorealism) realism, focusing on systematic variables of internal and external f agents.My line of argument during this essay will be that neoclassical realism holds the most viable explanation for state behaviour, due to its contemporary analysis and consideration of systematic pressures through various variables, nationally and transnationally. I will set out first by d iscussing the classical realism theory, in which I shall discuss the influence of human nature, interest and justice and how these internal factors influence the states behaviour. Secondly, I will discuss structural realism and the theories basis of system structure of the world states, which do not consider internal factors. Finally, I will critically assess whether neoclassical realism can truly explain state behaviour, despite its limitations.Although there is not a unified set of beliefs of realism, it is considered by all that the international system is an anarchical environment, which is important to incorporate in my essay because it in turn demonstrates how states do not establish anyone to adhere to in the international system due to lack of hierarchal figures. The anarchical system is supported by Waltzs description of international politics as existence flicked with particles of government and alloyed with elements of community supranational organizations whether univ ersal or regional, alliance, multinational co-operations, network of trade and what not. foreign political systems are thought of as macrocosm much than or less anarchic. (1979114)1. This then further presents how internal and external factors are needed to understand state behaviour, which appears to be a major smirch in the understandings of classical and structural realism. I will later discuss whether neoclassical realism is able to account for the changes in the nation-states behavioural patterns due to these step in variables.Classical RealismClassical realism is essentially some power, which is measured through hearty capabilities. When striped back to the simplest of social organisations, it becomes the tribal groups and their competition for resources, which show that power (struggles) have always been part of society. This is then interlinked, by Hobbes, with the comparison of the individual and the state where human nature is compromised of primarily power and th e essence to survive, known as the state of nature, correlating to what the classical realist believe to be the states priorities. This is furthered by the lack of sovereignty in the international system, making it whence anarchical, reducing state behaviour to its own national interest and its own aegis in order to maintain its power and survival. The idea of this egotistical self-interest was first create by Thucydides, who understood human nature as self-interest will overcome moral principles. In Book 1 of The History of the Peloponnesian contend , during a debate in Sparta, Thucydides states how the considerations of right and wrong have never turned people aside from the opportunities of aggrandizement offered by superior strength. (Chapter 176).2 Although this view disregards the teleological notions of political progress, it is supported by the period of origination during the interwar period.Leading on from this, Thucydides, as well as Hans Morgenthau, further disregard s the distinction between international and domestic systems, encouraging us to understand them as similar outcomes. Thucydides uses both internal and external developments alike as originator for state behaviour. For example, when communal bonds within a system are strong, as in pre-Peloponnesian War in Greece, the laws help to restrain actors. Therefore, when community breaks down, so does this order due to the loss of legitimacy in influence. This coincides with Aristotles observation that law has no power to compel obedience beside the force of habit.3This idea of community is furthered by the classical realists belief that justice is the foundation of relationships in order to create these communities where security and influence are insured. Thucydides relates his text to the importance of interest and justice and how they come hand in hand with the relationship becoming more acute in response to war. An example of this is in Pericles Athens which Thucydides pointed out to be under a facade of democracy rule, when in fact it was just one man (Pericles) ruling. The democratic ideology that came with this rule caused class tensions, which heightened over time, resulting in the vicious subvert of democracy. After this, justice then became the foundations for what was known as a more peaceful nation.2Classical realists find justice an important influence as it helps to determine the understanding and responses actors have with one another. Even though influence can be bribed, its expense for the stereotypically go around-lived maintenance of it, makes it a foolish investments. Therefore, policies that have accepted ethical approaches create a respected legitimacy that is more likely to be followed, creating a more efficient sphere of influence, which can in addition be translated to power. To add to this, the commitment to justice was one that showed the strength of self-restraint an actor has. For instance, weaker states behave due to the external con straints that they face, whereas more powerful states are more inclined to think they are in control. Yet, this causes irrationality of the leaders, encouraging them to make hazardous decisions. These miscalculations often lead to catastrophe, with key examples of Athens, Napoleon and Hitler. Thus, internal and external constraints are closely interconnected, as self-restraint prompts behaviour in accordance with the principles of justice, sustaining the hegemonic structure that makes sufficient influence come-at-able.However, classical realists fell short of including all the important aspects of international relations, including that co-operation that can occur between nations. Looking from a contemporary view, with the inclusion of globalization, classical realism seems very rigid and outdated. Furthermore, the statist system has been proven wrong by Transnational Corporations (TNCs) who in fact have a larger economy than some smaller states, giving them more power even in mate rial capabilities, with some corporations having a form of military. This withal shows that states cannot be considered unitary actors.Structural RealismKenneth Waltz, the founder of structural realism, describes the international system through all(prenominal) state considering the risk and cost-analysis of irrational action, which subsequently results in stability being maintained. Although the system is not in a constant state of war, it is thought of as each state decides for itself whether or not to use force war may break out at any time. (Waltz 1979111).1 Conflict is always possible in anarchy, although the relative chance of it occurring is what is important, rather than the possibility of it. Therefore, structural realists believe that a state should never let down its guard and always be wide-awake for the worst case scenario. This results in what realists believe that states need to make sure they always have military expenditure at full potential in order to be able t o defend against possible aggressors.Structural realists believe that states need to adopt the worst-case focus in order to ensure the states dont get caught off-guard, which could be argued, would have even heavier costs. Political competition among states is much more dangerous business than economic intercourse it can lead to war, and war often means mass killings on the battlefield and even mass murder of civilians. In extreme cases, war can even lead to correspond destruction of the state.1 Consequently, defensive programmes are thought of as the only dependable insurance against outside aggression, as it may help to reduce the calamities. equilibrate this behaviour and attitudes with co-operation between states is thought to be conditioned by the lack of hierarchal authority in the international system, with the constant threat that force could be used.An example of this is the regional trade blocs in the contemporary developing world. Structural realism explains that states are reluctant to co-operate due to fears, but they do believe co-operation is possible although only on the front that it is largely constrained. Moreover, this theory explains that developing countries would be the most inclined to not co-operate due to the security issues from in those regions. Yet, contrastingly to this, umpteen co-operations have been set up, such as ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) and Southern Cone Common Market. Even despite the fact that military expenditures have increased rapidly in the last few years, in addition to the territorial disputes, these countries are still able to co-operate which strongly contradicts structural realisms theory of state behaviour. Such behaviour is consistent with the view that economic gain outweighs the probability of security due to the promoted increased international competitiveness superseding relative gains. (Economic benefits of the trade blocs include attracting Foreign Direct Investment, increased markets and reduc ed transaction costs).Despite the fact that structural realists are the leading critics to classical realists for their explanations being deduced by human nature, the characteristics of actors in structural realism is in the sense of fear part of the state of nature, as described by Hobbes. Morgenthau argues that actors will take receipts of weaker states, hence why structural realists believe that military preparedness is the only guaranteed assurance. Both areas of the arguments view the world pessimistically, interlinking them with the evidence that structural realism doesnt actually move beyond human nature, rather just replaces the idea of power with fear. This shows the two perspectives weaknesses as both focus on only one sole notion rather than the intervening variables that are at play in domestic and international politics due to the variations of dynamics.Another raised point of the structural realism theory is that a states first concern is to maximise its likelihoo d of existence, thus if focusing on short term security has negative long term repercussions, it still must go ahead in order to maintain survival. Although, a rational state would only discount these future repercussions if the security pressures are not that strong, meaning the long term affects are given priority. This view is shaped by the pattern that states are shaped by the possibility and probability that conflict can outbreak at any time, hence the need for capability to deal with the hap that may arise from the security issues. Nevertheless, Waltz recognises that states have other important intentions and therefore may not take all conceivable steps to progress to short term security, but security matters take priority over economic capabilities.Neoclassical RealismNeoclassical realism is a relative recent theory that has been accounted by Wohlforth (1993), Gildeon Rose (1998), Zakarua (1998) and Schweller (2006) to name but a few. This theory combines structural and cl assical realism in order to incorporate both external and internal variables with the dynamic of the international and domestic systems. Rose described neoclassical realism in the World Politics Review (1998) as an impact of such power capabilities on hostile form _or_ system of government is indirect and complex because systematic pressures must be translated through intervening variables at the unit level. This makes the theory more contemporary and applicable due to its inclusion of more than one sole motive.Classical realism mainly focuses on the domestic system, meaning the theory cannot be used to explain why different actors act similarly. In contrast, neoclassical Zakarua (1998) made a clear distinction between national and state power, with the aim that the systems are more multi-dimensional than just its material capabilities.By taking into account both domestic and international constraints on the state, and by articulating both the domestic and international choices available to the state, we are able to provide a more comprehensive integrated approach to the analysis of state behaviour. (Mastanduno, Lake, Ikenberry1989).4 Essentially, neoclassical realists state that the reason behind why different actors act similarly can only be understood if the intervening role of domestic factors is in play. Therefore, more contemporary realist state that power cannot be used to express all dimensions of politics, and that this is not just measured by its material capabilities due as they are not always mobilized to their full efficiency.Additionally, neoclassical realists emphasise the importance of the role of the state. This contrasts sharply to structural realism, who isolate the states role, making it unitary and a different body to the rest of society. However, neoclassical realists recognise the fundamental role that the statesman have as they are part of the intervening variables with the power to intervene, implement and assess changes in the for eign policy. Accounting for the changes over time and variations of different states countering external constraints, which may result in a need for a change in foreign policy due to the dynamism of todays globalisation. This also relates to the contemporary theorys inclusion of not only the weaker and stronger states, but also the position powers4 which is discarded by both classical and structural realism. The understanding that smaller (weaker) powers focus is mainly on their domestic politics is because external constraints means their power internationally is smaller thus the need to concentrate domestically in order to build this material power. Alternatively, larger powers focus is also domestic, especially its constraints. This is due to the greater power enabling them more freedom internationally, resulting in the focus being internal and on their own constraints that they face. This then leads onto middle powers being the only ones that face domestic, as well as interna tional, focus on constraints. Yet, this means that the neoclassical theory, which deals with internal and external factors to justify state behaviour, is therefore mainly relevant towards middle powers because they are the ones that focus on both systems.ConclusionRealism does not have a unified set of assumptions about state behaviour, granting this, dividing realism does help to lead to a more precise conceptualization of the theory and provides a better understanding in which the variation of impacts of differential gear material factors help to explain state behaviour.Structural and classical realism, both alike, are theories that are inflexible even though they claim to be private investigator under all circumstances. Structural realism in particular, appears substandard in demonstrating state behaviour due to the fact it is presented in the terms of being relevant in all situations at all times. Not only this, but the presentation of the international system as a relentless c ompetition for security and power, shown through material capabilities like technology, geography and economical advantages, becomes the biggest flaw in itself. This is because of the multidimensional system that we live in today, a cause of globalisation as states and actors are interconnected more than ever.Neoclassical realism helps to present this, embodying systematic and domestic level of analysis, making it more relevant to contemporary systems behaviour. However, neoclassical realism, as well as structural and classical realism, are hard to use to explain state behaviour unless the application has more knowledge of the given actor/state in order to make the assumption more relevant due to the varying degree of nations.ReferencesBaylis, J., Smith, S. Owens, P., 2013. The Globalization of World Politics An Introdctuion to International Relations, unite Kingdom Oxford University Press.Burchill, Scott, et al., Theories of International Relations, London, Palgrave, third editio n, 2005.Kenneth Waltz (1979).A theory Of International Politics. 2nd ed. United States of America Waveland Press. 111-114.Mastanduno, M., Lake, D.A., Ikenberry, J.G. (1989), Toward a Realist supposition of StateAction,International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec., 1989), pp. 457-474Morgenthau, Hans, A Realist Theory of International Politics in Politics Among Nations The Struggle for Power and Peace, (New York Alfred A. Knopf, 5ed 1973).Thucydides/Richard Crawley, The History of the Peloponnesian War, (Australia J.M. Dent and Co., 1903) https//ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/thucydides/crawley/index.htmlaccessed 31st September 20141Kenneth Waltz (1979).A Theory Of International Politics. 2nd ed. United States of America Waveland Press. 111-114. 2Thucydides/Richard Crawley, The History of the Peloponnesian War, (Australia J.M. Dent and Co., 1903) https//ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/thucydides/crawley/index.htmlaccessed 31st September 2014 3 Burchill, Scott, et al., Theories of Interna tional Relations, London, Palgrave, third edition, 2005. 4 Mastanduno, M., Lake, D.A., Ikenberry, J.G. (1989), Toward a Realist Theory of StateAction,International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4 (Dec., 1989), pp. 457-474

Pros and Cons of the Reformation

Pros and Cons of the Re skeletal frameationPros and cons of the reformationThe middle of the cxl0s was period of dramatic change, marked with peculiarity of the age of chivalry as new forms of weapon were produced and a utilization of gunpowder transformed the traditional concept of knights in shining armor. Consequentially, the hierarchy of the grandness became unstable, their supremacy no longer marked by their ability to bear arms and defend their homeland. Within the same period, the supremacy of the upper-class took another quench when the printing press was invented, allowing to a greater extent of the population to acquire the written word, now attainable and affordable. However, with these new developments into the proceeding centuries, the availability of copies of the Holy Bible and an increase in perform building sandal led to an age of extreme superstition. In order to confront these issues and cope with the changing world, figures Martin Luther and John Calvin took noteworthy action within what is now know as the Protestant Reformation.Peaking in the 1500s, an overzealous church building showed prominent internal problems. First, with the new translations of tidings available, heap began to take the Bible seriously again. However, bad translations or versions, such as in the case of Joshua slaughtering the Canaanites, made well-nigh readers believe that that would be allowable in their time as well (Joshua 1040). collectable to this ____, the church began to think that the text was too dangerous and full of mis accord, necessitating a control of information given to the jackpotes. Along those lines, the papacy decided that, as successors to Peter, no one would have the authority to question their authority since they have been divinely appointed. Since their office staff presumably comes from a special connection to theology, authorities within the church used their positions to abuse that power.The most noticeable abuses of power wer e in not keeping with the code of the religious position, such as forgoing chastity in order to have ___ sexual relations, or placing relatives into positions of power. The most infamous corruption of this time was the church building stealing patrons money through indulgences, a remission of punishments for sins and lenience of its guilt through payment.Tetzels Sermon pg19Church had religious, cultural, political, and economic powerThe pope can do all things deity can do.Nicolaus de Tudeschis1386-1445, famous Benedictine canonist and abbot,in Commentaria (lvi, 34)Therefore, in this time, religious faithful had a conception that God can be bribed for redemption. For fear of eternal damnation, people paid money to the Church in exchange for absolution of their sins, or those of their relatives, allowing entry into Heaven. Based on an idea similar to Jesus offering Himself to appease His uncivilized father, the Church interchange in on the surplus of sins in their communities (Rana singhe). However, with that thought, Martin Luther emerged with a counter argument, proposing that the death of Jesus is worth infinitely more than any homosexual sin, so, with His supreme offering, the Church should not need any of the congregations money involved.In 1517, Luther wrote a letter to Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg, which included a copy of his 95 Theses, protests against clerical abuses of power such as the practice of indulgences. In the letter, Luther suggests that this sale of reconciliation and buying ones way out of all punishment and guilt must have occurred without Alberts knowledge and consent, hoping that reform may come from within the Church (26 27). Perhaps starting the Protestant Reformation with his Theses, Luthers small attempts at reforming the church quickly exploded into a revolution out of his control.In addition to challenging the churchs practice of selling indulgences, Luther proposed that Biblical Scripture should become its own sole authori ty, not determined by a church official such as the pope. Therefore, faith became more important than honourable works, advising that humans cannot become good people or pleasing in the eyes of the Lord by performing virtuous actions. Rather, Luther created a new ken of God entirely, rather than the old churchs blasphemous conception of one that can be bribed. According to Luther, humans ar subordinate to an angry God, due to Original Sin. Only able to be saved by Gods grace, the core of human evil comes from the natural seeking of happiness, a sure sign of human depravity. Since trying to construct our own happiness and not turning to God, the besides way to become a virtuous soulfulness is to realize that you are not capable of lawfulness and in that respectby dependent on God alone.Living on earth, children of God must observe human laws but know that they can never be just or worthy in His eyes. Crying out from the depths of human depravity, humans cannot know themselves as anything other than sinners ruled by their passions and vices. Both in the Bible and in the writings of Augustine, Luther agrees Christ would have died in vain if man were capable of virtue (Galatians 221). In order to remind ourselves of our sinfulness, the purpose of human laws and rulers is to make it impossible to maintain a clear conscience. Making humans feel blamable and aware of their own wickedness, Luther wanted to keep the faithful away from the dangerous illusion that they can live apart from God and remind them of how unworthy they are, so in no way capable of buying their way into Heaven.While Luther was a reformer, his ideas quickly had a life of their own, exploding and creating a revolutionary situation. People had uncontrollably angry reactions against the excesses of the Church, breaking the stained glass and destroying anything that spoke merely of the beauty of God. Thus, John Calvin constructed a new system out of the explosion, similarly whitewashing wall s of the churchs and putting some pieces back together, transforming protestant Christianity into a reformed church based upon ideas of Luther.Calvins teachings were slightly different from Luthers but maintained the same Protestant thought. He taught that human existence depends on God, predisposing an existence of a Creator and implying that the world is not of our own making. Therefore, under an omnipotent God, Calvin believed in predestination, a doctrine that God had pre-established and divinely ordered everything and that nothing, except perhaps God, can change it. Consequently, if a man is considered a good person, it is because he has been selected, out of everyone, by God to be good. Similarly, if he had been chosen to go to Hell, he is able to occupy how to get there, but he cannot turn around and choose God, since God must choose him, a ___ called irresistible grace. Unable to deny or resist Gods Will, chosen or not, Gods foreknowledge also implies a state of limited ato nement, where not all were created on equal terms and that Jesus died for the select few, not the many (219 220).Pg 213-254Good works are an demo of faith and chosen-ness, works + faith = chosen (opp. Luther)We are unable to know the will of God human curiosity, questioning is wickedlet us discontinue from the search of knowledge , to which it is foolish as well as perilous and even fatal to aspire (217)Church decides what is in the Bible, so turn to the Church for answersLuther doesnt believe you need church, you can read Scripture for yourselfCalvin Scripture has authority, exists prior to the church (in the beginning was the wordand the word was with god)Church doesnt form scripture, scripture forms the church, continually educates itScript. Is timeless, story progresses, conception of God gets increasingly sophisticated as people grow in faith, over lifetimeContinually gauzy over course of historyScripture is an illustration, not a divine workit contains divine Word, but the object itself isnt divine. Words point beyond itself, reminder of something more important but not sacred itself (meaning words)Pros of their actionsFree thought, authority of word called into questionThink for themselves now, interpret (Bible loses sacredness)Luther believed that Bible has meaning that should be available to/ silent by any intelligible personCalvin scripture = interaction between human and mind of God through written text, interpretation allowed since word isnt divine/only represents divineSet stage for future ages of reason, challenging authorityLessened power of the corrupt within the churchShut down monastaries, suspicious of stealing money, friars getting into mischief at nunneries (brothels) Luther allowed priests/nuns to marryWorld changing view nothing special about priests, mass (can be meaningful but not literal and blasphemous)Stopped the stealing of money, exposed the scandal of indulgencesPatience for change dont cause a scandal with brash actions, restrain/reformation is explodingCalvin human improvement is possible through divinely established institutions (scripture)Connects state, human community live according to deeper understanding of word of GodConsCaused many wars, deaths (30 years war)Multitude of Protestant denominations that dont agree on interpretationsLuther picking and choosing what he wanted them to readAnti-semitism, pg 137-142Pg. 140 sharp mercy like a physicianJews are source of lies, stubborn in scorn/contemptPg. 66, September Bible/Luthers tellOpposed to James Epistlehe chooses whats good/isntMaking sure they read it through his eyesMore interested in OT, religious doctrine of John in NTLeave out stories of works, preachingsJust wants Jesus, commitment to Word of God, not to His works/miracles (faith works)Pro Jesus also didnt want people just following Him for his miraclesLuther, not interested in humanity of Jesus. Humanity is inherently evil, selfishWere all sinners in the hands of an angry GodPeop le think that parole in infallibleProblem of the bible middle-aged church was afraid people would understand/misinterpret parts of the bible (Solomons 700 wives)Luther insists that it is the exact word of God, not interpretations/metaphorsProper christian attitude toward authorityWere meant to suffer state should contain our appetites, desires, manage our human sinfulnessWe cant know ourselves, since were too sinful to knowRulers can know, mold us because theyre ordainedPunishment, suffering makes us more virtuous, obedient more humbleBreak you to reshape you, they know whats good for usTrapped by form of reasoning, trying to control eldritch things by making them objects we can controlSymptomatic of fallen-ness of humansChristians are innocuous in one sense but slaves in anothermouths are gagged, soul is freeTension with the problem of slavery page 117Its okay because its in the Bible (Abraham) carnal problem, soul is still free/Christian libertyWhy we need to be ruled = mak e us unhappy, kill the illusion that we can be happy without God = only through suffering do we become virtuousA good ruler is a wicked rulerShow us how fallen, depraved, sinful our genius of humanity isNo definite conclusion, a lot of good but a lot of monstrous evil as wellHappiness understood in terms of unhappinessUnhappier we are, happier we can beParadox still seeking happiness by being unhappyViscous cycle, divided against ourselves I am a sinner, I dont expect to be saved so I will be savedUnderstandings of GodOld church angry god that can be bribed with indulgences, not good works or faithLuther angry god, focus on condemnation (like in the OT), God is merciless, cant change destiny of our human sinfulnessErasmus loving, forgiveness, humor, humility human foolishnessWe hold upon this earth the place of God manufacturing business Pope Leo XIII Encyclical Letter of June 20, 1894Wherefore, thou seest that after the book hath gone forth through the hands of the great and abom inable church, that there are many plain and precious things taken away from the book, which is the book of the Lamb of God, (1 Nephi 1328).The Pope is not only the representative of Jesus Christ, he is Jesus Christ himself, hidden under the veil of flesh. Catholic National July 1895.(Ranasinghe 1/28/14)http//www.trueorthodoxy.org/heretics_roman_catholics_pope_as_christ.shtml

Ruisdael Vs. Monet :: essays research papers

Ruisdael and MonetWhen one arrives in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, he or she may be surprised, as I was, by its atomic number 19 entrance. Upon entering this large pillared building, one is almost overwhelmed by the immense collection. Although very extensive, the museum undoubtedly concentrates on the grouping and placement of paintings and sculptures within the building. Through chronological and thematic paths, the museum takes the take hold ofer through the major contributors to the advancement of art, from around the world. Separated by only a marble floor, the populate containing Salomon Van Ruisdaels ornament with Cattle and an Inn, differs greatly from that of Claude Monets, Railroad Bridge at Argenteuil. These two paintings, when surrounded by the art of their contemporaries, create an environment for the viewer that parallels their original context.The halls of the Museum are posture up in a long and slim rectangle with open doorways between all of them. The opening hallway to the Dutch gallery is modest in its woody paneling until one turns and enters the first room on the right. Beautifully creased wood panels, line the walls, while intricately carved panels hold the grand window straight off across from the door. Rich in color, the walls make one feel very comfortable in this intimate surrounding. The feel of the wood almost brings the viewer plunk for to 17th century Holland. Reflecting off the V-shaped wood paneled floor, light flows through the window, illuminating the Dutch landscapes. A simple wooden throne sits against one wall, and a short dresser rests along the opposite wall. Instead of being labeled directly under or beside the painting, there are simply numbers which get one to a book of descriptions. This groups the paintings together as one description of Dutch life, removing the initial need to find the name of the artist. Because the viewer is able to view Ruisdaels Landscape with Cattle and an Inn through the doorway, even before they enter the gallery, he or she is able to recognize its importance. This painting appeals on many another(prenominal) levels it is a history painting documenting Dutch farmers of the 17th century, it is a representation of northern European style, and it is a detailed depiction of life. The room itself, is a stark(a) match for the bold but simple colors and detailed brush strokes of the Dutch landscapes. The dark wood walls shape the gallery into that of a living room in an old Dutch cottage.

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy on Teaching Statement

Philosophy of EducationNorms and values are a reflection of beau mondes standards of behavior. Since society evolves from each generational perspective, the norm is continuously changing. As a result, the rising adults have a grave influence on how the ball will evolve into the next generation. What we teach our learners today will reflect the success of our future. How we, as teachers, get our messages across will definitely influence the students ability to apply that knowledge. From my experiences and what I have encountered I intend to incorporate the Pragmatic and Idealistic philosophies into my classroom, based on my predictions on how to be a successful teacher. The Pragmatic come on to education involves placing the students as a number one priority. This type of classroom environment would give the chela an opportunity to clear decisions, which is a crucial part of living a successful life in todays societies. I would provide a classroom with a helpful and produc tive atmosphere. This would transform the classroom into a community of learners. This would give the children hands on experience with a project that needed solutions and the idea of how authorized team work can help in solving difficult situations. Students in my eyes will absorb a greater amount of substantive if they are actively involved in its processes. I concede with the theories of social reconstructionism in that I truly feel that in order to make a group successful, each individual that is apart of that group must be successful. This idea promotes human growth and development with the incorporation of flexibility in a students education. This flexibility will help the student deal with and be able to overcome conflicts within t... ...cation pole, and I believe that the Idealism approach should also be incorporated into the classroom. There is no right or definite way to do anything this should be kept in mind piece of music performing any task. I feel like focusing on children and being a positive influence does nothing but benefit the child and the future of our world. That after all is what teaching is about, providing the tools to keep the world running. I think sometimes the foundation of teaching is repressed in the minds of teachers, do to the clot of stipulations placed on them daily. Whom are we really hurting here? The children are the ones who suffer. If the children stay as the focus in each classroom and are positively influenced by the teacher then education, what it truly means, will be reached. I plan to incorporate all of this into my everyday classroom. I hope others do to.