Magnetic Reversal of the Earths Poles

In the 1950s, ocean-going research vessels recorded puzzling data based on the magnetism of the ocean floor. It was determined that the rock of the ocean floor had bands of embedded iron oxides that alternately pointed toward geographic north and geographic south. This  was not the first time such confusing evidence had been found. In the early 20th century, geologists had found some volcanic rock was magnetized in a manner opposite to what was expected. But it was the extensive 1950s data that prompted a widespread  investigation, and by 1963 a theory of the reversal of the earths magnetic field was proposed.  It has been a fundamental of earth science ever since. How the Earths Magnetic Field Is Created The earths magnetism is thought to be created by slow movements in the liquid outer core of the planet, which consists largely of iron, caused by the rotation of the earth. Much the way  the rotation of a generator coil creates a magnetic field, the rotation of the liquid outer core of the earth generates a weak electromagnetic field. This magnetic field extends out into space and serves to deflect solar wind from the sun. The generation of the earths magnetic field is a continuous but variable process. There is a frequent change in the intensity of the magnetic field, and the precise location of the magnetic poles can drift. True magnetic north does not always correspond to the geographic North Pole. It also can cause the complete reversal of the earths entire magnetic field polarity. How We Can Measure Magnetic Field Changes Liquid lava, which hardens into rock, contains grains of iron oxides that react to the earths magnetic field by pointing toward the magnetic pole as the rock solidifies. Thus, these grains are permanent records of the location of the earths magnetic field at the time the rock forms. As new crust is created on the ocean floor, the new crust solidifies with its iron oxide particles acting like miniature compass needles, pointing to wherever magnetic north is at the time. Scientists studying the lava samples from the bottom of the ocean could see that the iron oxide particles were pointing in unexpected directions, but to understand what this meant, they needed to know when the rocks formed, and where they were located at the time they solidified out of liquid lava.   The method of dating rock through radiometric analysis has been available since the early 20th century, so it was an easy enough matter to find the age of the rock samples found on the ocean floor.   However, it was also known that the ocean floor moves and spreads over time, and it was not until 1963 that rock aging information was combined with information about how the ocean floor spreads to produce a definitive understanding of where those iron oxide particles were pointing at the time the lava solidified into rock.   Extensive analysis now shows that the earths magnetic field has reversed about 170 times over the last 100 million years. Scientists continue to evaluate data, and there is much disagreement over how long these periods of magnetic polarity last and whether the reversals happen at predictable intervals or are irregular and unexpected. What are the Causes and Effects? Scientists do not really know what causes the reversals of the magnetic field, although they have duplicated the phenomenon in laboratory experiments with molten metals, which also will spontaneously change the direction of their magnetic fields. Some theorists believe that magnetic field reversals may be caused by tangible events, such as tectonic plate collisions or impacts from large meteors or asteroids, but this theory is discounted by others. It is known that leading up to a magnetic reversal, the strength of the field declines, and since the strength of our current magnetic field is now in steady decline, some scientists believe we will see another magnetic reversal in about 2,000 years.   If, as some scientists suggest, there is a period during which there is no magnetic field at all before the reversal occurs, the effect on the planet is not well understood. Some theorists suggest that having no magnetic field will open the earths surface to dangerous solar radiation that potentially might lead to global extinction of life. However, there is currently no statistical correlation that can be pointed to in the fossil record to verify this. The last reversal occurred about 780,000 years ago, and there is no evidence to show that there were mass species extinctions at that time. Other scientists argue that the magnetic field does not vanish during reversals, but merely grows weaker for a time. Although we have at least  2,000 years to wonder about it, if a reversal were to occur today, one obvious effect would be mass disruption to communications systems. Much the way solar storms can affect satellite and radio signals, a magnetic field reversal would have the same effect, though to a much more pronounced degree.

Classicalism vs. Positivism - 1546 Words

Classicalism vs. Positivism What is crime? What makes people commit crimes and how can we stop it? These, and many other questions similar to these, are asked by criminologists everyday. Criminology is an ever growing field, mainly because there is more and more research occurring and new theories linking people and crime coming out everyday. Below the main field of criminology there are many subfields that have different theories and philosophies on what they believe link criminal behavior. Two of the main criminology perspectives are Classical Criminology and Positivist Criminology. Although these two are both studied in the criminology field, their views are distinctly contradictory from each other. These two theories and many†¦show more content†¦Yet another criticism is their belief in deterrence. Research has shown that there is little correlation between punishment and crime, meaning that there is not a significant amount of information showing that deterrence actually works leading it into a controversial issue. People commit crimes for many different reasons that classicalists fail to acknowledge. Classical criminology was the first big step into what makes up the field of criminology today, dominating around the eighteenth century. A change in the way information was assembled with the emergence of the scientific method challenged the classical perspective and introduced the theory of Positivism. Positivist criminology emerged in the nineteenth century after people stopped relying on pure thought and reason and started to observe and analyze to understand the way things worked. â€Å"Positive philosophy was an explicit repudiation or reaction to the critical and ‘negative’ philosophy of the Enlightenment [Classicalist] thinkers† (Bohm 21). Positivism has two main elements: One â€Å"is the belief that human behavior is a function of forces beyond a person’s control [and] the second aspect of positivism is embracing the scientific method to solve problems† (Siegel 7-8). . Positivism is known for the use of science and the scientific method in their research. Positivists such as Lombroso, whom is considered the father of criminology, set the stage for examination of external forces

Marketing Plan of the Real Estate Industry - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss abou the Marketing Plan of the Real Estate Industry. Answer: Outline Description of two different Market Segments: Territory Demographic Territory Real estate industry is one of the fastest growing sectors in New Zealand market. The continuous development in the technology is contributing commendably in the real estate market. The scenario of the real estate business in Taradale, Hawkes Bay is much competitive due to extensive capabilities of the real estate business companies. The major competitors in New Zealand real estate market are offering the properties and lands for the residential purposes at a very reasonable rate. The real estate company requires adopting the most fruitful strategy to take the active participation in the competitive business world. Demographic On the other hand, in describing the demographic scenario, it is noticed that the population in Taradale has increased drastically from 2001 to 2013 (Idnz.co.nz 2016). The populations include the Maori group and the overseas born. Most of the lands are residential and rural place. Real estate companies offer the residential lands to the citizens. Therefore, the marketing plan is extensively focusing on the residential land sales and lease businesses. The business companies can deal with the local residents for selling the lands that can be utilized for building residential house. The growing population in this location is quite opportune for developing the real estate business. Target Clients selected for each market segment Target clients for Real Estate services in Territory The real estate companies usually look for the clients who would purchase the lands for the residential use. They can build their own house by purchasing lands for the personal use. The company is mainly looking for the clients who can purchase the lads for the residential uses or building house for some personal use. This territory is the appropriate place to identify such clients since the rural areas are mostly visible here (Cerutti, Dagher and Dell'Ariccia 2017). Target clients in demographic segment The demographic segment especially concentrates on the males and females who will be involved with the building their own house. Taradale, Hawkes Bay is generally surrounded by population from rural areas (Idnz.co.nz 2016). The lands are mostly used for residential purposes. The company thus can target the males and females between the age group of 30 years to 50 years. Hence, they can be employed to develop the residential houses in the lands available in the convenient areas. The residential places will be utilized for building properties for present and future use. Personal Positioning Strategies The marketing plan for the real estate business requires developing the appropriate personal positioning strategies that can develop the brand identity among the targeted clients. Establishing the communication through emails, developing newspaper advertisements, and receiving the updated feedback from clients would be much beneficial in such regards. Clients deal with the real estate agents when they require buying any land for residential use. Before purchasing the lands, the clients seek adequate information about the location, transport convenience, and the legal aspects. The real estate salespersons need to establish the communicational transparency to provide the accurate information to these clients (Kelsey 2015). The sales people performing in the same market are applying their unique techniques to participate in the competitive scenario. In order to strengthening the position, it is essential to take a step forward and develop the unique positioning strategies. Communication through emails and presenting the advertisements including details of the necessary aspects would be beneficial to attract more clients. Moreover, developing newspaper advertisement is also one of the most significant ways of conveying the message of land availability. Benefits of the Targeted Clients from the personal positioning strategies People in Taradale, Hawkes Bay are mostly looking for purchasing the lands for their residential use. It is noticeable that majority of the lands in the rural areas are developed considering the basic facilities and transport convenience. The real estate company needs to thus understand such basic requirements of the target clients. Communicating through emails would establish the transparency that would help the clients to gather the idea about the current facilities (Perkins, Mackay and Espiner 2015). It is important to understand their requirements and basic demands before selling the real estate lands or properties. Therefore, the communication through emails clarifies the requirements as well as offering. On the other hand, presenting the advertisements on the newspaper creates the awareness among the clients. They receive the information about the available of lands or properties in the convenient places with the help of the newspaper advertisements. The real estate company can put the details on the newspaper section to inform about the available lands and properties as well the other facilities. The interested clients would contact the company with the help of the contact details mentioned in the advertisement content. Marketing Plan Report To The Branch Manager Harcourts International (Real Estate Organisation) The marketing plan is developed for targeting clients from Taradale, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Harcourts International has been providing the best real estate services to the potential clients (Harcourts.co.nz 2018). This marketing plan would include the appropriate personal positioning strategies and structured budget presentation for first three months. The alignments with the necessary legal considerations would also be discussed in this section. Identification of the Target Clients and Market Segments The direct marketing plan deals with the sales of real estate lands and properties to the targeted clients in Taradale, Hawkes Bay. The location is based in the rural areas where the lands are mostly used for residential purposes. The marketing plan is based on two specific market segments, such as territory and demographic. Therefore, the targeted clients are the males and females between the age groups of 30 years to 50 years. Outline of Three Strategies It is essential to develop the fruitful personal positioning to strengthen the position in a competitive scenario. In order to strengthen such positioning, the company requires developing three major personal positioning, such as communication through email, newspaper advertisements, and feedback receiving. The transparency maintained in conveying and receiving message makes the information clearer (Stuff.co.nz 2017). Therefore, the clients would obtain the complete information about the offering and deliverable. The newspaper advertisement, on the other hand, provides the detailed information about the available land and properties along with the facilities required near the residential places. The contact details would also be provided by the company for the interested clients. Receiving feedbacks through emails and digital mediums would be helpful in understanding the basic needs and demands of the clients. This feedback process would even help in creating the positive word of mou th for attracting new clients for selling the real estate properties. Strategies for maintaining current clients The personal positioning strategies are developed by depending on maintaining the current clients and attracting new clients. The two of these strategies are specifically concentrating on retaining the current clients. The frequent communication through the emails keeps the clients engaged and generates the sense of trust. The clients would like to know more about the facilities that the real estate business can offer to the people who are willing to by residential lands. Moreover, the clients can present their requirements through such email communication process. It would make the clarification of the real estate land or services. On the other hand, when the clients seek information about the available vacant lands or properties, they can easily get information from the newspaper advertisements. Moreover, these processes are much helpful to specify the clients about the legal requirements associated with the real estate business. The individual, company, and industrial preferences are also addressed through the development of these personal positioning strategies. Budget for 3 months Budget (Including GST) Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Communication through e-mail $2,000 $2,500 $2,800 Newspaper advertisements $750 $550 $850 Feedback Receiving $1,800 $2,000 $2,100 Using digital communication mediums $1,600 $1,900 $1,700 Real estate land and property services $800 $600 $500 Legal requirements for real estate business $900 $1,000 $1,100 Personnel positioning strategies $1,100 $1,200 $1,300 Promotional brochures $1,200 $1,300 $1,400 Subscriptions $1,000 $2,500 $2,800 Consumer testimonial $600 $700 $800 Total $11,750 $14,250 $15,350 Legal Considerations Fair Trading Act 1986 The company would be maintaining the Fair Trading Act 1986 to establish the real estate business with the clients (Legislation.govt.nz 2014). The main purpose of this act is to contribute appropriate trading environment by considering the interests of the consumers and strengthened positioning of the b business. The act prohibits the unfair practices and promotes fair conducts. Privacy Act 1993 The act is promoting and protecting the privacy of the business clients in accordance with the concerned guidelines that are governing the code of conduct. The real estate business generally deals with the property based information of the clients. Application of this act helps in protecting such confidentiality. Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 The company is planning to develop the email communication process to establish communicational transparency. As per the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 protects the spam emails that can mislead the clients. Real Estate Agents Act 2008 and Real Estate Agents Act (Professional Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2012 According to this act, the real estate agents would maintain the appropriate code of conducts to provide the accurate services to the business clients as per their requirements. The breaching of the information would be strictly prohibited (Legislation.govt.nz 2014). Maintaining this code of conducts would be monitored by the senior managers. Real estate industry best practices The associated workforce should focus on following aspects to develop the best practices. Quick respond to the clients Sharing the updated information with the clients Acknowledging the mails Continuous improvement These best practices would be necessary to accomplish the business goals and developing the brand image. Effectiveness of this campaign on salesperson The obtained knowledge and experience from this campaign would be much helpful for the betterment of sales skills of the associated salesperson. Moreover, the members would extend their knowledge in real estate industry to ensure growth in future. Development of Promotional Material Selection of the Promotional Materials The marketing plan has been scheduled by concentrating on the development of three personal positioning strategies. There are two promotional materials chosen from the list, such as email (to a prospective client) and newspaper advertisement. These materials are explained below: The email communication is used for developing the communicational transparency between the company and the business clients. The emails should be containing the accurate information that is to be conveyed to the potential clients. As per the 9 of the Fair Trading Act 1986, no associated worker would engage in prohibited actions, such as misleading the public or clients. On the other hand, as per the Real Estate Agents Act 2008, the fair treatment of the clients is needed to be taken into consideration. It is essential to treat the clients with respect and share the updated information (Legislation.govt.nz 2014). Newspaper advertisements should contain the accurate information about the land availability and legal documents. As per the 9 of the Fair Trading Act 1986, the prospective client should not be misguided by any fake news or fake information. The act prohibits the unfair practices and promotes fair conducts (Legislation.govt.nz 2014). When the clients seek information about the available vacant lands or properties, they can easily get information from the newspaper advertisements. Mrs. K. Valdaze 91, Matthews Place Taradale, Napier Pin Code: 4112 Dear Maam, We have received your concern regarding the land purchase near to Hawke's Bay Expressway. We are offering the best deal for the land purchase with an affordable price. We are even offering the best prices in the best locations along with the most commendable customer service. You can avail the residential facilities and transport convenience as per your requirements. Therefore, we would like to hear from you about your interests. For further details, queries, and feedback, you can contact us. Our contact details will be provided below. Thank You Regards Stephan Jason Sr. Marketing Executive Contact: 217-8882 Stephan Jason: Harcourts International Are you looking for best location for your new residence? I am going to deliver you the best offer for a new address in an affordable price. Here we are presenting you the best location for your dream home with full support of transportation convenience. If youre interested for such convenient location- I shall help you to find out the best offer! Contact me Stephan Jason Harcourts International, Licensed under the Real Estate Agents Act 2006 Telephone: 217-8882, Monday to Saturday, 9:00 am to 7:00 Pm. Review of the Task Identification of Errors Three errors have been identified that was made by Devon in consideration to his flyer. One of the errors is that he did not account for the cost of the associated paper, or utilization of office photocopier. Along with such error, the person presented that as flyer within plain white photocopy paper to an overall 1000 households within the region. Another error included that the person believed it was just a minimum amount (Allen et al. 2015). The third error was that the way Devon distributed his text in the flyer, many respondents complained that he placed flyers within their mailbox, in case there exists clear signage about the junk mail. The presentation of the text was not well enough and he should not have placed the flyers within the mailbox of its target households despite observing that their mailbox indicated junk mail option. Money Spent on Campaign Along with the allowance for Devons time, the parson is observed to spend around $ 25 each hour on his campaign. In such spending, the person is allocating the GST content within this (Haynes, Nunnington and Eccles 2017). Moreover, the person also wants to maintain track of the value related to his time. It is considered that for preparing the draft material 1 hour was needed, delivering flyers needed 16 hours and telephone calls needed 45 hours. Moreover, Appraisals that includes preparation with approximately three hours each needed 30 hours. Buyer appointments are observed to take 8 hours and miscellaneous activities such as photocopying, meeting with managers and additional aspects needed 1 hour. In account to such information, the overall spending of Devon on his campaign is observed to be: 60.5 hours * $ 25 = $ 1512.5 Quantification of Devons Performance Performance of Devon is quantified in consideration to the following: Number of leads: The person is observed to have a good number of the potential clients and consumers in his database. This indicates that the performance of Devon in attaining potential consumers is superior and most of them are convinced in buying properties in the near future (Keenan 2016). Devons performance in attaining potential consumers is deemed to be highly efficient. One of the potential consumers he considered too cold-call has successfully purchased a property by means of Devon. Number of appraisals: After the campaign the person has accomplished ten appraisals. This includes six from the flyers and four from the phone calls. Four of the companys owners whose properties the company appraised have been listed with two other agencies. Two among these agencies considered marketing the opportunities separately. One among these agencies are still finalizing the companys decision and one among them has decides to find out a property in order to purchase before marketing their recent time (Palm 2016). Number of listing: It is gathered that the berceuse of his appraisals, an individual is list with Devon within agreement of two sole agencies. The person has attained payable commission of $7,300 from first agency and $7,500 for the second sole agency. Number of actual sales to date: Firm analyzing the time aspect, it is gathered that Demons time is worth $ 25 each hour. Employers pay the employees with sales commission in order to provide incentives to the employees in order to gather increase sales. In account to such information, the overall spending of Devon on his campaign is observed to be: 60.5 hours * $ 25 = $ 1512.5 Earning from Campaign Employers pay the employees with sales commission in order to provide incentives to the employees in order to gather increase sales. This is in order to reward along with identifying people that performs in a productive manner. This campaign is deemed to generate around a desired in its personal earnings. The personal earnings from both the sole agency listings is observed to be $7,300 + $7,500 = $ 14700. Such personal earnings are based on the fact that the property under the first agency agreement has market $379,000. The commission of the person is relied on the sales price of $370,000. Devon anticipates receiving commission from its sale price of its property that is $380,000. Tough the property had an asking price of $399,000; the commission attained from the property will be a bit more. Ratio Leads to sales ratio serves as an important measure of the efficiency of salesperson. This indicates the sales percentage leads that the salesperson transforms into real sales. This ratio is calculated through analyzing Devons number of sales leads over the timeframe for which the sales results in close ratio (Sirgy 2014). Relied on current achievements of Devon, the ratio of leads to sales is deemed to be calculated as: (number of successful sales/ number of leads) * 100 = (5/ 10) * 100 = 50 Cost Encompassing all the advertising along with value of his time, the cost of all the listing Devon has attained till date includes two major sole agency agreements with sale prices of $399,000 and $380,000 respectively. Devon also presented his advertisement in three Saturday editions of the Polyvale Herald that has cost of around $ 270 for each. Devons manager has advised that at the end of the initial months work and he will be attaining a commission of around $2,750. References Allen, M.T., Cadena, A., Rutherford, J. and Rutherford, R.C., 2015. Effects of real estate Brokers' Marketing strategies: Public open houses, broker open houses, MLS virtual tours, and MLS photographs.Journal of Real Estate Research,37(3), pp.343-369. Cerutti, E., Dagher, J. and Dell'Ariccia, G., 2017. Housing finance and real-estate booms: a cross-country perspective.Journal of Housing Economics,38, pp.1-13. Harcourts.co.nz. 2018.About Harcourts New Zealand. [online] Content.harcourts.co.nz. Available at: https://content.harcourts.co.nz/content/aboutus [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Haynes, B., Nunnington, N. and Eccles, T., 2017.Corporate real estate asset management: Strategy and Implementation. Taylor Francis. Idnz.co.nz, 2016.About the profile areas | Taradale South | profile.id. [online] Profile.idnz.co.nz. Available at: https://profile.idnz.co.nz/napier/about?WebID=260 [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Keenan, J.M., 2016. From sustainability to adaptation: Goldman Sachs corporate real estate strategy.Building Research Information,44(4), pp.407-422. Kelsey, J., 2015.The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment?. Bridget Williams Books. Langford, L. and Haynes, B., 2015. An investigation into how corporate real estate in the financial services industry can add value through alignment and methods of performance measurement.Journal of Corporate Real Estate,17(1), pp.46-62. Legislation.govt.nz. 2014.Fair Trading Act 1986 No 121 (as at 16 December 2017), Public Act New Zealand Legislation. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0121/64.0/whole.html#DLM96903 [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Palm, P., 2016. Measuring customer satisfaction: a study of the Swedish real estate industry.Property Management,34(4), pp.316-331. Perkins, H.C., Mackay, M. and Espiner, S., 2015. Putting pinot alongside merino in Cromwell District, Central Otago, New Zealand: Rural amenity and the making of the global countryside.Journal of Rural Studies,39, pp.85-98. Sirgy, M.J., 2014.Real Estate Marketing: Strategy, Personal Selling, Negotiation, Management, and Ethics. Routledge. Stuff.co.nz. 2017.What if the email you send is really a spam?. [online] Available at: https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/business/8581641/What-if-the-email-you-send-is-really-a-spam [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Waller, C., Kindig, L., Reynolds, J. and Patterson, M., 2015. Strategic Internet Marketing for Real Estate Brokers.

The Eve of St. Agnes Is built up of a series of deliberate contrasts Essay Example

The Eve of St. Agnes Is built up of a series of deliberate contrasts Paper This is a passage from earlier in the poem, and refers to the Beadsman, an ancient holy man who prayed for the souls of sinners all his life. It uses contrasts of colour, sound, and also life and death. In the first line, the music is described as soft, however the trumpets are later described as snarling. On one hand, this gives the trumpets themselves life, but it also makes them seem somehow unwelcoming, harsh and angry. The silver trumpets also contrast with an earlier description of Musics golden tongue. Is the prelude soft, warm and golden or cold and silver? Normally Keats refers to music as a beautiful thing, however it seems the Beadsman is annoyed and angered by it. His stony, cold silence is invaded by the chaotic music when the doors are opened, again a reference to the contrasting outside world breaking in, and contrast between the icy cold stone walls of the chapel and the rich, glowing warm chambers outside. Keats then goes on to describe the carved stone angels in the chapel, not still, lifeless and frozen, but somehow alive and ever eager-eyed, waiting for guests with almost flowing hair blown back. However, beneath all these images of liveliness and music, there is an underlying sense of absence and emptiness. People hurry to and fro preparing, the glowing chambers are ready to welcome people, the angels are ever eager, watching for someone or something, but nothing happens. The whole castle seems frozen in time, perpetually waiting to come alive, and it is only in the next paragraph that life and chaos bursts inside. Then by the bed-side, where the faded moon Made a dim, silver twilight, soft he set A table, and, half anguishd, threw thereon A cloth of woven crimson, gold, and jet: We will write a custom essay sample on The Eve of St. Agnes Is built up of a series of deliberate contrasts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Eve of St. Agnes Is built up of a series of deliberate contrasts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Eve of St. Agnes Is built up of a series of deliberate contrasts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer O for some drowsy Morphean amulet! The boisterous, midnight, festive clarion, The kettle-drum, and far-heard clarionet, Affray his ears, though but in dying tone:- The hall door shuts again, and all the noise is gone. There are two main contrasts here; that of colour and light again, but more importantly the contrast between the outsiders loud, merry revelry and Porphyros silent and perverse desire to keep Madeline asleep. Notice how the moon is no longer bright and glaring, but faded and dim. There is no glamour or brilliance in this passage, and Porphyros intentions are clearly not at all wholesome. The imagery here is very real; you can almost sense the pure silver blue light shrouding the sleeping maiden, and the dim purity of her room being invaded by the passionate and deep crimson, gold, and jet. Whereas the first half of this stanza is full of still, silent and pale images, the second half describes the loud, chaotic music from the feast penetrating the silent sanctum of her room. The wicked Porphyro begs for a Morphean amulet, Morpheus being the God of sleep, and when the hall door is opened, he becomes afraid that Madeline will awaken and ruin his twisted, voyeuristic fun. In this passage, we really see the other side of Porphyro; that which has no chivalric morals, and acts like a thief in the dark, coming to rob her nest. In other passages, he has been honourable at least on the outside, speaking of courtly love and marriage, and swearing upon the saints, but here we see the true, scheming Porphyro. However, there is an underlying foreboding and sense of death in this passage. Even before Madeline awakes, the sky is already fading into darkness, the twilight is no longer bright and the one element of life, the music, is described as in dying tone as the hall door shuts it out. This is probably the first unsettling hint that no matter how young, innocent and beautiful you are, nothing is really sacred, and the cold death of outside is a constant reminder to this. Behind what seems on the outside a classic romantic tale of love having no bounds, wooing in secret and beautiful colours, music, and courtly love, lies the story of a man lacking morality, and looking to corrupt the innocence of a helpless beautiful maiden.

A Summary of Durkheims Division of Labor in Society

A Summary of Durkheim's 'Division of Labor in Society' French philosopher Emile Durkheims book The Division of Labor in Society (or De la Division du Travail Social) debuted in 1893. It was Durkheim’s first major published work, and it is the one in which he introduced the concept of anomie or the breakdown of the influence of social norms on individuals within a society. At the time, The Division of Labor in Society was influential in advancing sociological theories and thought. The Division of Labors Major Themes In the book, Durkheim discusses how the division of labor- the establishment of specified jobs for specific people- benefits society because it increases the reproductive capacity of a process and the skill set of the workmen. It also creates a feeling of solidarity among people who share those jobs. But, Durkheim says, the division of labor goes beyond economic interests: In the process, it also establishes social and moral order within a society. The division of labor can be effectuated only among members of an already constituted society, he argues. To Durkheim, the division of labor is in direct proportion to the moral density of a society. Density can happen in three ways: through an increase of the spatial concentration of people, through the growth of towns, or through an increase in the number and efficacy of the means of communication. When one or more of these things happen, says Durkheim, labor begins to become divided, and jobs become more specialized. At the same time, because tasks grow more complex, the struggle for meaningful existence becomes more strenuous. A major theme of the book is the difference between developing and advanced civilizations and how they perceive social solidarity. Another focus is how each type of society defines the role of law in resolving breaches in that social solidarity. Social Solidarity Durkheim argues that two kinds of social solidarity exist: mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity connects the individual to society without any intermediary. That is, society is organized collectively and all members of the group share the same set of tasks and core beliefs. What binds the individual to society is what Durkheim calls the collective consciousness, sometimes translated as conscience collective, meaning a shared belief system. With organic solidarity, on the other hand, society is more complex, a system of different functions united by definite relationships. Each individual must have a distinct job or task and a personality that is his own. Here, Durkheim was speaking specifically about men. Of women, the philosopher said: Today, among cultivated people, the woman leads a completely different existence from that of man. One might say that the two great functions of the psychic life are thus dissociated, that one of the sexes takes care of the effective functions and the other of intellectual functions. Framing individuals as men, Durkheim argued that individuality grows as parts of society grow more complex. Thus, society becomes more efficient at moving in sync, yet at the same time, each of its parts has more movements that are distinctly individual. According to Durkheim, the more primitive a society is, the more it is characterized by mechanical solidarity. The members of an agrarian society, for example, are more likely to resemble each other and share the same beliefs and morals. As societies become more advanced and civilized, the individual members of those societies become more distinguishable from one another. People are managers or laborers, philosophers or farmers. Solidarity becomes more organic as those societies develop their divisions of labor. The Role of Law Durkheim also discusses law extensively in this book. For him, the laws of a society are the most visible symbol of social solidarity and the organization of social life in its most precise and stable form. Law plays a part in a society that is analogous to the nervous system in organisms, according to Durkheim. The nervous system regulates various bodily functions so they work together in harmony. Likewise, the legal system regulates all the parts of society so that they work together in agreement. Two types of law are present in human societies and each corresponds to the type of social solidarity those societies use. Repressive law corresponds to the center of common consciousness and everyone participates in judging and punishing the perpetrator. The severity of a crime is not measured necessarily as the damage incurred to an individual victim, but rather gauged as the damage it caused the society or the social order as a whole. Punishments for crimes against the collective are typically harsh. Repressive law, says Durkheim, is practiced in mechanical forms of society. Restitutive Law as Restoration The second type of law is restitutive law, which instead focuses on the victim since there are no commonly shared beliefs about what damages society. Restitutive law corresponds to the organic state of society and works through the more specialized bodies of society, such as the courts and lawyers. This also means that repressive law and restitutory law vary directly with the degree of a society’s development. Durkheim believed that repressive law is common in primitive, or mechanical, societies where sanctions for crimes are typically made and agreed upon by the whole community. In these lower societies, crimes against the individual do occur, but in terms of seriousness, those are placed on the lower end of the penal ladder. Crimes against the community take priority in such societies, according to Durkheim, because the evolution of the collective conscious is widespread and strong while the division of labor has not yet happened. The more a society becomes civilized and the division of labor is introduced, the more restitutory law takes place. Historical Context Durkheim wrote his book at the height of the industrial age. Then, how people fit into Frances new social order surfaced as a principal source of trouble for the rapidly industrial society. The pre-industrial social groups comprised family and neighbors, but as the Industrial Revolution continued, people found new cohorts at their jobs, creating new social groups with coworkers. Dividing society into small labor-defined groups, says Durkheim, required an increasingly centralized authority to regulate relations between the different groups. As a visible extension of that state, law codes needed to evolve as well, to maintain the orderly operation of social relations by conciliation and civil law rather than by penal sanctions. Durkheim based his discussion of organic solidarity on a dispute he had with Herbert Spencer, who claimed that industrial solidarity is spontaneous and that there is no need for a coercive body to create or maintain it. Spencer believed that social harmony is simply established by itself, an idea with which Durkheim disagreed. Much of this book, then, involves Durkheim arguing with Spencer’s stance and pleading his own views on the topic. Criticism Durkheims primary objective was to evaluate the social changes related to industrialization and to better understand its ills. But British legal philosopher Michael Clarke argues that Durkheim fell short by lumping a variety of societies into two groups: industrialized and non-industrialized. Durkheim didnt see or acknowledge the wide range of non-industrialized societies, instead imagining industrialization as the historical watershed that separated goats from sheep. American scholar Eliot Freidson pointed out that theories about industrialization tend to define labor in terms of the material world of technology and production. Freidson says that such divisions are created by an administrative authority without consideration of the social interaction of its participants. American sociologist Robert Merton noted that as a positivist, Durkheim adopted the methods and criteria of the physical sciences to examine the social laws that arose during industrialization. But physical sciences, rooted in nature, simply cant explain the laws that have arisen from mechanization. The Division of Labor also has a gender problem, according to American sociologist Jennifer Lehman. She argued that Durkheims book contains sexist contradictions. Durkheim conceptualizes individuals as men but women as separate and non-social beings. By using this framework, the philosopher entirely missed out on the role of women have played in both industrial and pre-industrial societies. Sources Clarke, Michael. Durkheims Sociology of Law. British Journal of Law and Society 3.2 (1976): 246–55. Print.Durkheim, Emile. On the Division of Labor in Society. Trans. Simpson, George. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1933. Print.Freidson, Eliot. The Division of Labor as Social Interaction. Social Problems 23.3 (1976): 304–13. Print.Gehlke, C. E. Rev. . Columbia Law Review 35.4 (1935): 643–44. Print.of On the Division of Labor in Society, Emile Durkheim, George SimpsonJones, Robert Alun. Ambivalent Cartesians: Durkheim, Montesquieu, and Method. American Journal of Sociology 100.1 (1994): 1–39. Print.Kemper, Theodore D. The Division of Labor: A Post–Durkheimian Analytical View. American Sociological Review 37.6 (1972): 739–53. Print.Lehmann, Jennifer M. Durkheims Theories of Deviance and Suicide: A Feminist Reconsideration. American Journal of Sociology 100.4 (1995): 904–30. Print.Merton, Robert K. Durkheims Division of Labor in Society. American Journal of Sociology 40.3 (1934): 319–28. Print.

The Difference Between will and shall

The Difference Between will and shall The Difference Between will and shall The Difference Between will and shall By Maeve Maddox Reader Eric wonders about the uses of will and shall. When do you use will and shall? I know that [they] mean the same thing, but I would like to know when to use them in the correct grammatical sense. In modern English will and shall are helping verbs. They are used with other verbs, but lack conjugations of their own. Both are signs of the future tense. The old Walsh English Handbook that I used in high school gives this rule for forming the future: Use shall in the first person and will in the second and third persons for the simple future tense: I shall sing this afternoon. You will succeed. He will stay at home. My observations suggest that shall is rarely used by American speakers. The two words existed as separate verbs in Old English, the form of English spoken from 450-1150 C.E. The verb willan meant wish, be willing, be about to. The verb sculan (pronounced [shu-lan], had the meanings be obliged to, have to, must, be destined to, be supposed to. In modern usage traces of the old meanings persist for speakers who use both forms. Will can imply volition or intention, while shall can imply necessity: I will scale Mount Everest. (and no one can stop me!) You shall take the garbage out before you do anything else. (You have no choice, Junior!) A second element enters into the use of shall and will. As a matter of courtesy, a difference exists according to whether the verb is used with a first or second person subject. Which to use depends upon the relationship between speakers. Parents, teachers, employers, and staff sergeants are within their rights to tell someone You shall complete this assignment by 9 p.m. Such a construction offers no alternative. It is the same as saying You must complete this assignment. In speaking to an equal, however, the choice is left up to the other person: I shall drive to Tulsa today. You will follow on Tuesday. (Its still up to you.) Heres a frequently quoted joke that illustrates the consequences of using shall and will incorrectly: A foreign tourist was swimming in an English lake. Taken by cramps, he began to sink. He called out for help: Attention! Attention! I will drown and no one shall save me! Many people were within earshot, but, being well-brought up Englishmen and women, they honored his wishes and permitted him to drown. All of which is the short answer to Erics question. For the long answer, take a look at Fowler (Modern English Usage) and the OED. By the way, the verb will in the sense of bequeath derives from the noun will in the sense of wish. A will expresses the wishes of the person who writes it. The verb will (bequeath) does possess a complete conjugation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Careful with Words Used as Noun and Verb

Jean Watson Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jean Watson - Assignment Example A nurse who adopts this model acts in a caring manner to enhance his/her relationship with the patient. The nurse while caring for the patient should base on the value system of an individual. The nurse should place the patient/client in the family, the community as well as the culture context (Sitzman & Eichelberger, 2011). Nursing practice should be personalized while at the same time less technical and generic in nature. The client should be the focus of care and not the available technology for treatments One hard aspect in this model is that it may overlook to express the nurses’ responsibility of providing the patients with physical needs, which is a basic role of the nurse in the health care team. Patients’ biophysical needs are given less weight, and the major focus is on patients’ psychosocial needs (Basford & Slevin, 2003). Ms. M who is 25 years old diagnosed with HIV/AIDS stage III is my patient. Using this model, I would handle her better by allowing her express her fears in regards to the diagnosis. I would obtain information about her, her life experiences, bodily sensations, spiritual and cultural beliefs as well as her goals and expectations so as to provide holistic